Recently a sighting of the Ximungwe Female, probably one of the more successful females when it comes to the success rate of raising cubs, caught us by surprise. She has successfully raised her second cub, the Ntomi Male, to independence (the first being the Mahlahla Male). That is a success of 66%. She gave birth to two cubs in her first litter and raised one and then the Ntomi Male was a lone cub as far as we are aware. She has not wasted much time in looking to have a third litter, and this is where the surprise comes in.
Having been viewed by vehicles from an early age, this leopard is supremely relaxed around Land Rovers.
The male leopard dynamics have shifted slightly over recent times and this has now brought the Ximungwe into more frequent contact with the Maxim’s Male, who she was seen mating with on a few occasions. This is expected as the Maxim’s Male is a large dominant male currently holding territory in the eastern parts of Londolozi.
![Maxims Male Lying Next To Waterhole [rcb]](https://media.londolozi.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/23160816/Maxims-Male-Lying-Next-to-Waterhole-RCB-scaled.jpg)
An amazing opportunity to see and photograph the Maxim’s Male up close whilst he was gazing over a waterhole in the late afternoon.
Fairly skittish male that is presumed to have come from the Kruger National Park.
After bumping into the Ximungwe Female and Maxims Male together on our return to camp, we made a plan to explore the same area the next morning to confirm if they were indeed mating. As we arrived in the area, we discovered fresh tracks from both of them on the road, indicating that they had unmistakably been moving around together during the night. During our tracking mission, we heard the distinct sound of leopards mating coming from the dense thickets, leaving us with no doubt that we were in business. It was just a matter of time before we would find them.
Success! After walking and driving the area extensively we eventually found them. An extremely rewarding end to this tracking mission and the whole vehicle was jubilated. It wasn’t long however until this jubilation transformed into a resounding surprise. From around a corner, a third leopard appeared, the Three Rivers Young Male. At that moment, we realised that the sound of mating that we had been hearing wasn’t coming from the Maxims and Ximungwe duo, but rather from the Ximungwe Female mating with Three Rivers Young Male.
![Three Rivers Young Male And Ximungwe Female Mating [rcb]](https://media.londolozi.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/14141250/Three-Rivers-Young-Male-and-Ximungwe-Female-Mating-RCB-scaled.jpg)
The Ximungwe Female snarls as the Three Rivers Young Male mates with her. Mating is a painful experience for both male and female leopards and usually leads to a combination of snarls, biting and fighting.
Somewhat skittish after becoming independent, he is an impressive young male with a rich golden coat.
It is fairly common for female leopards to mate with multiple males. This behaviour is commonly known as polyandry and serves multiple purposes, the main two being:
- Confusing potential paternity amongst these males (leading each individual into believing that her new litter of cubs might belong to them) and as a result reducing the result of infanticide.
- Increasing the genetic diversity of their offspring (two or more eggs may be fertilised by different males) and hence raising the likelihood of survival of her litter in changing environments.
![Three Rivers Young Male And Ximungwe Female Mating (13) [rcb]](https://media.londolozi.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/14140259/Three-Rivers-Young-Male-and-Ximungwe-Female-Mating-13-RCB-scaled.jpg)
In order to try to avoid a swat across the face from her paw upon extraction, the Three Rivers Young Male attempted to bite down on the neck of the Ximungwe Female.
At just over two years of age, this young male leopard would have just reached sexual maturity and at times this was evident (he didn’t really look like he knew what he was doing). I have witnessed unrelated males vying for mating rights with a female before, but this was the first time I have ever seen the son of a male leopard mating with a female in his presence, and the most surprising thing for me was that the Maxim’s Male didn’t seem one bit phased.
![Three Rivers Young Male And Ximungwe Female Mating (17) [rcb]](https://media.londolozi.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/14140147/Three-Rivers-Young-Male-and-Ximungwe-Female-Mating-17-RCB-scaled.jpg)
The sharp and barbed penile spines of the Three Rivers Young Male would have caused discomfort and pain to the Ximungwe Female during copulation, leading to aggressive behaviour from both individuals.
Time will tell as to whether this passive behaviour from the Maxim’s Male will change and lead to his son claiming territory elsewhere on Londolozi or having to venture further afield. However, for the time being the Maxim’s Male seems to be tolerating the presence of the young male.
The Three Rivers Young Male has not been included on this diagram as he, technically, does not as yet hold a territory of his own. He has been spending the majority of his time in his father’s domain.
Much remains unanswered or shrouded in mystery, and nature has a knack for keeping us intrigued. However, in light of ongoing research by Panthera on leopards, it appears that our initial understanding of their solitary nature may require some revision. There is growing evidence suggesting that male leopards may actually tolerate the presence of their male offspring within their territories for extended periods than we initially thought. Having two males in an area could potentially deter would-be rivals more effectively than just one, thereby allowing the older and more dominant male to maintain his territory for an extended duration.
What’s more, the male offspring carries the genetic legacy of his father. So, even if the youngster were to mate and, by chance, pass on his genes, the older male still achieves a form of success, as his genetic lineage continues to thrive. It is not a completely irrational thought and could help to explain how the dominant males would allow the young males to hang around. Anyways more on this in a future blog. Stay tuned! But for now, enjoy this photographic spectacle of the Three Rivers Young Male mating with the Ximungwe Female.
Enjoy!
![Three Rivers Young Male In Tree And Ximungwe Female (2) [rcb]](https://media.londolozi.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/14140041/Three-Rivers-Young-Male-in-tree-and-Ximungwe-Female-2-RCB-1598x1598.jpg)
Lordosis is a behaviour exhibited by female leopards prior to mating, whereby she acts in a ‘flirtatious’ manner and rubs herself up against the male in question in doing so signalling her receptivity and readiness to mate. As you can see, the Three Rivers Young Male wasn’t quite sure what was going on…
![Three Rivers Young Male In Tree And Ximungwe Female (10) [rcb]](https://media.londolozi.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/14140126/Three-Rivers-Young-Male-in-tree-and-Ximungwe-Female-10-RCB-1598x1598.jpg)
Lordosis continued…
![Three Rivers Young Male And Ximungwe Female Mating (3) [rcb]](https://media.londolozi.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/14141214/Three-Rivers-Young-Male-and-Ximungwe-Female-Mating-3-RCB-scaled.jpg)
It is prior and upon penetration that the unmistakable low growls, almost sounding like a diesel engine, come from both animals.
![Three Rivers Young Male And Ximungwe Female Mating (11) [rcb]](https://media.londolozi.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/14140344/Three-Rivers-Young-Male-and-Ximungwe-Female-Mating-11-RCB-scaled.jpg)
The low growls eventually lead to aggressive vocalisations.
![Three Rivers Young Male And Ximungwe Female Fighting (5) [rcb]](https://media.londolozi.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/14140906/Three-Rivers-Young-Male-and-Ximungwe-Female-Fighting-5-RCB-scaled.jpg)
Extraction is the most dramatic period of mating as the sharp, barbed tip to the male’s penis cause pain for both animals. The female usually lashes out at the male to try and swat him with her paws and claws. He anticipates this and leaps backwards out of her reach.
![Three Rivers Young Male And Ximungwe Female Fighting (4) [rcb]](https://media.londolozi.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/14140932/Three-Rivers-Young-Male-and-Ximungwe-Female-Fighting-4-RCB-scaled.jpg)
So as a photographic spectacle, it is often the dismount that we try and capture, or rather the interaction between the two as a result.
![Three Rivers Young Male And Ximungwe Female Mating (18) [rcb]](https://media.londolozi.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/14140110/Three-Rivers-Young-Male-and-Ximungwe-Female-Mating-18-RCB-scaled.jpg)
For a young buck, and likely one of his first mating bouts, it turned out to be a rather exciting sighting.
Is it just the perspective of the camera or is the Three Rivers Young Male huge compared to this female? He looks much older and larger, but maybe it’s an illusion. The theory behind the dominant males tolerating their male offspring sounds logical to me. If makes sense why some of the newly independent males are hanging around longer and bodes well for them (semi-protected from larger territorial males) and their fathers (genetic backup and territory patrol like you mentioned). In this case if the Ximungwe Female becomes pregnant and had indeed mated only with the Three Rivers Young Male, I wonder if the Maxims Male would still be tolerant of any resulting cubs. Will be waiting with paws crossed to see when she has another litter.
Perfect explanation with absolutely stunning pictures! It’s like a slow-motion movie. The Ximungwe female was surely happy to have more chances to increase the matings success, as the Three Rivers Young Male is young and healthy. He is simply gorgeous. All three leopards are spectacular, and the hesitation of the young guy combined wth the effort of the older, more experienced lady are somewhat exhilarating!
Robert, thank you for the update and information about the leopards of Londolozi.
Robbie: What a thrilling adventure; I was breathless reading it! And I chuckled at your description of certain sounds as being like a diesel engine.
What an exciting experience! Firstly, that photo of the Maxim’s male is impressive! I’ve struggled to capture a clear image of him on multiple trips, to no avail. What a magnificent creature! And the mating pics are marvelous! Great blog!
So thrilled Londolozi is working with Panthera. They are an amazing organization. Londolozi is the perfect marriage for them too. This was an enlightening post and the photos were fantastic! Thank you Robert!
Hi Robbie
In 2019, we saw Inyathini male mating with the Mashaba female at the same time as his son (Ndzanzeni young male at the time and now Tortoise Pan male). So I guess it’s rare but as you say, there is some logic to it.
Richard Houghton
Dad tolerating his young son mating with a female and “teaching him the ropes”? I have heard of this before and it probably isn’t as unusual as we think. When the Sabi Sand is at carrying capacity for leopards then everyone has to be a bit more tolerant of each other in order to survive!
Fantastic photos of the two mating, Robbie.
Actually we watched her mating with the Maxim’s male on August 29. So it seems that both, father and son have been mating with the same female. I hope that there will sonn be cute little leopard cubs.
How fascinating that the Three Rivers young male, who hasn’t been given his own name yet, has just mated with Ximungwe female. We followed him one morning in April, not an easy feat, and I couldn’t get over how big he was at barely 2 years – larger than Ntomi! It is intriguing that his presumed father, Maxim, has tolerated his
presence, even allowing him to mate. Now the countdown begins to watch for the telltale signs that Ximungwe is pregnant. Looking forward to further updates.
Well he’s certainly starting young, and practice will make perfect!
I seem to remember some years ago the Camp Pan male and his son Tu-Tones both mating with a female (I think it might have been Tamboti?) There was a photo on the blog of the 3 of them walking side by side.
I remember years ago Camp Pan Male & his son TuTones were both mating with the same female and tolerated each other very well. Like they say, Leopards don’t read the books to tell them how they are supposed to behave! lol
Good to see the Maxim’s male leopard is tolerating his son’s presence and allowing him to mate with the Ximungwe female. What a stunning g leopard the Maxim’s male is, his size is enormous. Wonderful to see these leopards mating , which in return we might be able to see baby cubs again.
That’s all OK. I only wonder if my favorite Kunyuma the Senegal Bush was not moved too much in his territory after that.
Wow, I’ve never heard of that happening before with two males mating with the same female at the same time!