Now fully into the swing of summer, we are seeing some of the life returning that is synonymous with this season. The most prevalent of these is the return of the migrant bird species but along with this comes a myriad of other species including various insects and butterflies. In this blog, I want to take a look at some of the amazing ways that some of these species use mimicry for their survival.
One of the iconic sounds of Summer. Only a few days ago the first sighting of the season of the Woodland Kingfisher was recorded.
Essentially mimicry is when one species tries to resemble another species that is easily recognizable with the intention of trying to deceive a potential predator. Bear in mind that this does not only pertain to physical appearance but also to sounds that specific animals make to deceive another, with the sole purpose of its survival. Within nature, there are various types of mimicry but I will be focusing on the three main types of mimicry.
Batesian Mimicry
This takes place when a nontoxic species, who could be easily preyed upon, resembles a toxic species. The most common example of Batesian mimicry that springs to mind is the resemblance of the female Common Diadem butterfly to the African Monarch butterfly. The African Monarch butterfly feeds on a number of plants with toxic properties such as various milkweed species or string of stars, which are extremely high in toxins making them poisonous to potential predators. In turn, the female Common Diadem butterfly has taken on a similar colouration and patterning that resembles the African Monarch, making it unappealing to potential predators.
The African Monarch Butterfly, an example of Batesian Mimicry
Mullerian Mimicry
This occurs when two or more species develop similar characteristics or patterns with regard to patterns and colours. This type of mimicry can be extremely advantageous to species that portray this type of mimicry as predators will quickly learn to avoid them due to distaste and potential harm that can be caused. In this case, both species are unpalatable or dangerous. Different species of bees are great examples of Mullerian Mimicry, as several of these species possess aposematic colouration being the yellow and black barring, warning species that they are harmful and in the case of bees they possess a venomous sting.
Aposematic Colouration – clearly visible are the black and yellow stripes that warn potential predators
Self Mimicry
This type of mimicry differs slightly from Batesian and Mullerian mimicry in the fact that instead of certain species resembling other species, the self-mimic will have a target on an area of the body that is less threatening. Typically when a predator attacks its prey it will do so by attacking prominent features such as the head. Species that have adopted self-mimicry as a defence mechanism will often have markings that resemble eyes or antennas on parts of their body that they can survive without, such as on the tip of their wings. Various species of butterflies use self-mimicry. They have a far better chance of surviving an attempted attack on a wing than they do with an attack to the head.
The Blue Pansy, with clear blue spots on the hind wings, creates the allusion that its eyes are situated there, giving it a better chance for survival.
One specific type of mimicry that I find extremely fascinating is a type of bird that has the amazing ability to mimic several different bird calls. The Fork-tailed Drongo will mimic several alarm calls that birds make in an attempt to trick other species to abandon any food they have just caught so that the Drongo can swoop in and get an easy meal. There have been records of Drongos using up to 45 different alarm calls of different species in an attempt to try and steal food from other species.
Fork-tailed Drongo’s are drawn into the movement of any larger animals as this will flush any insects in the grass and vegetation. The Drongos then swoop in to catch the fleeing insects.
It amazes me how certain species have adapted over many many years to increase their chances of survival. The idea behind mimicry is truly astounding, next time you are on safari have a closer look, especially at various insect species, and you’ll be sure to see mimicry in some shape or form.
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The survival instinct no matter what the size of the creatures are is amazing.
Truly fascinating Ross – just goes to show that mimicry within the animal kingdom can be essential for survival. The most interesting fact presented for me is how the Drongo can imitate so many other birds, in order to secure an easy meal!
Fascinating! Do you think possible predators can adjust (“get smarter”) in their strategy for obtaining food? Or do they just inherently avoid at all costs?
Hi, drongo also exhibit foraging mutualism trough convolution of interspecific sentinel signals with weavers. Definitely very smart and interesting birds! Butterflies and moths are masters of mimicry, the pictures you show here are absolutely fantastic!
Ross we have the fork tailed Drongo here by us and I have heard that it makes different sounds. Nature is something to appreciate at all times. Thanks for explaining the mimicry, now we can understand why they do it. Pansy butterflies are stunning.
Nice job, Ross.
The pansy butterfly is stunning!
Nature–always adapting for survival!
Ross, Thanks for a really interesting blog! We were not aware of the broad use of Mimicry!
Ross, it is all about survival.. Anything that works or can be used to avoid death will be incorporated into any species over time. Nature is truly fantastic when we stop and study. Thanks for the details and information on the birds and butterflies.
A very interesting blog, Ross. The pictures are wonderful.
A reallt interesting blog Ross and the pics are excellent. Really enjoyed reading it. You have some absolutely beautiful animals, birds and butterflies in Africa. Thanks for sharing.
Am I right that drongos will also mimic not only birds but other animals, for instance making a dwarf mongoose alarm call to get the mongoose to drop its catch and run away? Fascinating to think how this behaviour would have evolved, presumably through trial and error at first and then perhaps handed down from parent to young?
Super interesting Ross! This information, along with the past few blogs, really demonstrate the brilliance of nature to survive and thrive is crazy adverse environments!