“An animal’s eyes have the power to speak great language” – Martin Buber
The Torchwood male holds territory falling mostly to the west of Londolozi and is infrequently seen.
We’ve been so fortunate recently to have spent a good amount of time up close-up and personal with several leopards on Londolozi – and there’s no way to describe how seemingly they stare straight through your soul when gazing up at you. We observe this creature in awe, picking out every detail in its golden coat marked with dark rosettes and piercing amber eyes, glowing with a fierce and intelligent light. This got me thinking, though: how do leopards see us? This spiralled into the question of how they see the world in general.
The Ximungwe Young Male stares straight towards our vehicle.
A single cub of the Ximungwe Female's second litter. Initially rather skittish but is very relaxed now. Birth mark in his left eye.
The Piccadilly Female fixated on the vehicle as she and her cub rest in a large jackalberry tree.
Golden-coated of Sunsetbend lineage, this female is gradually expanding her presence south of the Sand River into Londolozi.
The menacing stare of the Senegal Bush
Initially seen as a young male in 2016, this leopard only properly established territory on Londolozi in mid-2019
Leopards are known for their keen eyesight, which allows them to spot prey from a distance and hunt effectively. This is due in part to several adaptations that have evolved to help them see well in a variety of conditions.
1. Wide field of view: leopard’s round eyes
In terms of acuity, or the ability to see fine details, leopards have slightly worse eyesight than humans. They can see objects that are about 6-8 metres (20-25 feet) away as clearly as a human can see objects that are about 3 metres (10 feet) away. However, leopards have a wider field of view than humans, which allows them to see more of their surroundings at once. This is useful for detecting movement and spotting potential prey.
The Senegal Bush Male.
Leopards have a wide field of view because of the shape and placement of their eyes on their head. Their eyes are positioned towards the front of the head, giving them binocular vision (overlapping fields of view, allowing good perception of depth). The shape of the leopard’s eyes also contributes to their wide field of view. Leopards have round eyes, while humans have more oval-shaped eyes.
A study on 214 species of land animals indicated that a creature’s ecological niche is a strong predictor of the shape of its pupil. Species with pupils that are vertical slits are more likely to be ambush predators that are active both day and night, think of crocodiles. In contrast, those with horizontally elongated pupils are more likely to be plant-eating prey species, like wildebeest and buffalo, with eyes on the sides of their heads. Circular pupils were linked to “active foragers,” or animals that chase down their prey, much like leopards.
The Nile Crocodile. Vertical slit-shaped pupils are found in ambush predators that hunt close to the ground. These pupils can be expanded and contracted to allow in more or less light depending on the conditions as these ambush predators can easily hunt both day and night.
2. Next-level night vision: the tapetum lucidum
Leopards have eyes adapted for low light conditions and can see well in the dark. One of their key adaptations is a structure in the back of their eyes called the tapetum lucidum. This reflects light back through the retina and increases the amount of light that is detected by the eye, giving them good night vision and allowing them to hunt successfully in the dim light of dawn and dusk. The tapetum lucidum is responsible for the glowing eyes often seen in nocturnal animals when caught in a beam of light.
The Senegal Bush Male. Because of their adapted retinas, leopards can see seven times better in the dark than humans, making them exceptional nocturnal hunters.
An illustration showing the structure of the eye with the tapetum lucidum at the back of the eye.
3. Light sensitivity: relying on rod cells
Leopards have a high density of rods in their retinas, which are specialized cells that are sensitive to light and dark. This gives them good sensitivity to low light levels and helps them to see well in dim conditions.
The retina contains two types of photoreceptors: rods and cones.
Rods are responsible for detecting light and dark and are more sensitive to low light levels. They are found throughout the retina but are especially concentrated in an area called the peripheral retina, which is responsible for detecting movement. Rods are not sensitive to colour, so they do not contribute to colour vision.
The Nkoveni Female. As leopards have more rod cells, they are easily able to detect movement, which helps them to hunt successfully but also keep a good lookout for potential threats lurking around them.
Londolozi's most viewed leopard and prolific mother. This gorgeous female has raised multiple cubs to independence.
Conversely, cones are responsible for colour vision and are more sensitive to bright light. They are found in a small area called the fovea, which is responsible for high-acuity vision (the ability to see fine details). There are three types of cones, each sensitive to different wavelengths of light (red, green, and blue), and the combination of these three types of cones allows us as humans to see a full range of colours.
Nocturnal animals, such as leopards, have a higher density of rods in their retina, which allows them to see well in low-light conditions. Other animals, such as humans and other diurnal animals, have a higher density of cones in the fovea, which allows them to see fine details and a full range of colours.
The Plaque Rock Female. The variation in eye colour amongst leopards is captivating. Most mammals (including leopards) have fewer colour-detecting cones in their eyes when compared with humans, and therefore they probably see fewer colours than we do.
A pretty young playful female found along the river to the east of camp
One day I would love if we would actually be able to see how exactly how leopards view the world. It’s hard for us to imagine something that we cannot see or fully understand. However, until then, it’s exciting to understand how the combination of their circular eyes, tapetum lucidum, and a high density of rods allows leopards to see well in a variety of conditions, including low light levels and dim light. These adaptations are crucial for their success as predators.
Great shots. was the night photo shot with a flash or spotlight
Fascinating insights. I have always been intrigued by the color variation in photos of different leopards’ eyes.
Thanks,Robyn -This blog was very informative and I have been fascinated by the eyes of all the big cats especially leopards which are the key to photograph these beautiful animals!
Leopards are beauty and intelligence personified! You do such a unique work by immortalising their beauty and personalities, such awesome creatures that will not be forgotten, like the Torchwood male that’s opening this list. As far as vision is concerned, they surely are the best subject to illustrate a carnivore sight and you wrote it greatly. I’m particularly struck by insects vision, from the great hunters like dragonflies to the efficient workers like bees…
Very informative Robyn. I enjoyed learning about the Tapetum Lucidum especially.
gorgeous animals any way you look at it!
Robyn, Thank you for a very interesting article about how Leopards see the World.
I have a question; Is it Piccadillys father that wanted to live with his grandmother and also shared meals with her? I don’t remember his name. Do you know what was his name is? He was very charming.
Thank you for sharing.
Very interesting blog on the eyesight of leopards. It’s amazing how nature develops in so many different ways, be it eyesight or hearing and smelling capacities of different animals and, of course, of human beings as well.
Such a good read on the eye sight of the leopards. They are such stunning animals and they are my favorite animals in the bush. Formidable hunters and yet they look so calm and collective, but lurking inside that body is a predator to be reckoned with. Interesting story Robin and I have certainly learnt something from your story.
Leopards have such beautiful eyes!
Thank you Robyn for your insight on the leopards vision. Animals eyesight is truly different than humans allowing them to adapt to different levels of light. Fascinating!
Nice discussion, Robyn! I have long been fascinated with leopard eyes as well as those of cheetahs. I wonder how they see us…
Thank you for this informational blog about how leopards most likely see the world, but like you,I would really love to “see” through leopards’ eyes, to know what range of vision they have as well as
how many colors they see.
Super interesting post Robyn, and the photos of the leopards’ eyes are stunning!!!
Fascinating and Educational. Interesting to note the ‘dot’ in the Ntomi male left eye. I wonder if will be fading away as he grows older.