As the golden grasses of the Sabi Sands begin to fade and the landscape takes on a dusty, sun-bleached hue, one of the most impressive spectacles of the dry season emerges: massive herds of Cape buffalo moving through the wilderness.
The head of the herd.
But why do we see such large aggregations of buffalo during the dry season? And what does this mean not only for the buffalo themselves, but also for the broader ecosystem?
The Pull of Water and Grazing Grounds
Buffalo are bulk grazers, relying heavily on grasses to sustain their massive frames. During the wet season, the landscape is lush and resources are widespread, allowing buffalo to break into smaller, scattered herds. However, as the dry season deepens, two crucial resources become increasingly scarce: water and nutritious grazing. The buffalo need to drink water frequently, up to 30-40 litres a day, which results in them moving from one water source to another daily.
In response, buffalo begin to converge around permanent water sources—rivers, pans, and waterholes—bringing herds together from across the landscape. What may have once been groups of a few dozen animals swells into super-herds numbering in the hundreds or even over a thousand.
It’s sometimes hard to capture the sheer volume of a herd. This buffalo lifted its head briefly to look at us before continuing to graze.
Safety in Numbers: A Strategic Defence
The size of these herds isn’t just a result of resource scarcity; it’s a deliberate survival strategy.
Buffalo are one of the favourite targets of Africa’s apex predators, particularly lions. In smaller groups, buffalo are more vulnerable to ambush. But in large numbers, their collective strength becomes formidable. Buffalo herds operate with a kind of cooperative awareness: when danger strikes, individuals may come to the aid of one another, and large bulls often flank the herd as a protective barrier.
This communal defence can sometimes even turn the tables on lions, sending them fleeing from a counter-attack.
![Ntsevu Sub Adults Watching Buffalo Herd (5) [rcb]](https://media.londolozi.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/14133920/Ntsevu-Sub-adults-Watching-buffalo-herd-5-RCB-1598x895.jpg)
One of the Kambula Males assesses his chances of hunting buffalo from a vantage point.
But this strategy is not without its costs…
The Double-Edged Sword of a Super-Herd
While there are advantages to sticking together, there are also significant trade-offs:
Advantages:
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Predator deterrence: Larger herds reduce individual risk and can more effectively defend against attacks.
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Resource scouting: Bigger groups may cover more ground and find new water or grazing faster.
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Social bonding: Herd cohesion strengthens social bonds, especially among cows and calves.
Disadvantages:
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Rapid resource depletion: Hundreds of mouths grazing in one area quickly strip it bare, forcing the herd to move frequently.
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Water competition: Large numbers drinking from the same waterhole can cause tension and push smaller species away.
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Parasite transmission: High density increases the parasite transmission between individuals.
- Game Viewing: These large super herds cover great distances and are therefore in the reserve for short periods or entirely off the reserve.
A spectacular sighting of a herd of Buffalo approaching a waterhole at sunset. As the front of the herd reaches the waterhole, the back of the herd continues to make their way.
A Seasonal Drama
The dry season in the Sabi Sands is a time of challenge, adaptation, and raw survival. The congregation of buffalo into massive herds is one of nature’s great responses to seasonal hardship—both a survival tactic and a catalyst for dramatic ecological interaction. As the dry season begs for the arrival of our first rains, we will await to see what transpires.
The golden orange hues of winter backlight a herd moving through the open grasslands.
Huge herds of buffalo are really a great sight.
Thanks for your explanations, Kirst, why they congregate in such numbers during the dryer season.
Hi Kirst, I wonder if human war tactics, like staying compact and perfectly lined with shields and helms, comes from nature’s observation. As to buffalo, they are an awesome, incomparable force. Like an army, they strategically formations are something rare in nature, comparable to musk osks only I think. Lions have a real hard life as well with them, because they not only defend the herd perfectly, but also attack lions. It’s a terrible clash of forces. I feel for them in the pictures, thin, you can see their ribs and flanks and their coat is dull. None the less, what a special animal. Resilient against everything, even when nature shows her bad side. What animal prey on buffalo other than lions? Calves may be caught and killed by male leopards I know, maybe wild dogs or hyena…. never adults I think, never heard of…
Hi Kirst, it is a spectacular viewing seeing so many buffalo at one place. We were once in the Kruger staying at Biyimiti and we were driving around there when we came across at least 500 to 650 buffalo grazing in the lush green grass. We just switched our car’s engine of and sat and watched them grazing and walking along. Even at Biyimiti one late afternoon the whole herd came down to drink in front of the chalets. Lions were nearby and are always a great opportunistic predator. Love watching them.
There is nothing quite as mesmerizing as a large herd of Buffalo at or near a water source, or on the move. The sheer grandeur of hundreds of bleating animals, moving en masse, bulls, mothers and calves is a sight one never forgets and can’t be captured by a lens. It’s a “see, listen, be in the moment” experience.
I think the dry weather can also have the opposite effect?…..I remember one year (I think it was early October) when it went from dry to a drought, and the buffalo split into very small groups to seek out the small patches of remaining grass. The lions had a field day as rhe emaciated buffalo were nomatch for them.